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OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal trend of notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect against children in Brazil between 2011 and 2019. METHODS: This was an ecological time-series study based on notifications of violence against children aged 0-9 years held on the Brazilian Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. Age-adjusted notification rates were calculated for Brazil as a whole, by national macro-region and by sex. Trends were assessed using Joinpoint Regression. RESULTS: We analyzed 88,820 notifications of physical violence, 87,141 notifications of sexual violence, 52,359 notifications of emotional violence and 166,664 notifications of neglect. A rising trend was identified for notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect for Brazil as a whole and for both sexes. Neglect accounted for the highest rate (95.24 notifications per 100,000 children in 2019). The Northeast and Southeast macro-regions had rising trends for all forms of violence. CONCLUSION: Notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect showed rising trends in Brazil in the period studied. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: Increasing trends in notifications of violence against children highlight the continued need for capacity building in health services, crucial for early detection, effective prevention and coordinated intervention, taking regional variations into account. PERSPECTIVES: Notification of violence against children by health services requires greater commitment by health workers. Future studies could combine multiple national databases and surveys to increase the accuracy of rates and trends.
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Delitos Sexuales , Violencia , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Niño , Brasil/epidemiología , Conducta Sexual , Personal de SaludRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective To describe the temporal trend of notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect against children in Brazil between 2011 and 2019. Methods This was an ecological time-series study based on notifications of violence against children aged 0-9 years held on the Brazilian Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. Age-adjusted notification rates were calculated for Brazil as a whole, by national macro-region and by sex. Trends were assessed using Joinpoint Regression. Results We analyzed 88,820 notifications of physical violence, 87,141 notifications of sexual violence, 52,359 notifications of emotional violence and 166,664 notifications of neglect. A rising trend was identified for notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect for Brazil as a whole and for both sexes. Neglect accounted for the highest rate (95.24 notifications per 100,000 children in 2019). The Northeast and Southeast macro-regions had rising trends for all forms of violence. Conclusion Notifications of physical, sexual and emotional violence and neglect showed rising trends in Brazil in the period studied.
RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la tendencia temporal de notificaciones de violencia física, sexual, psicológica y negligencia practicada contra niños en Brasil entre 2011 y 2019. Métodos Estudio ecológico de series temporales de notificaciones registradas en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación contra niños (0-9 años). Se calcularon las tasas de notificación ajustadas por edad para Brasil por macrorregión y sexo. Se analizó la tendencia mediante regresión joinpoint. Resultados Se incluyeron 88.820 notificaciones de violencia física, 87.141 de violencia sexual, 52.359 de violencia psicológica y 166.664 de negligencia. Se identificó una tendencia ascendente de las notificaciones de violencia física, sexual y psicológica y de negligencia para Brasil y para ambos sexos. La negligencia tuvo la tasa más alta (95,24 notificaciones por 100.000 en 2019).Noreste y Sureste presentaron tendencia creciente en todos los tipos de violencia. Conclusión Las notificaciones de violencia contra los niños mostraron tendencia creciente entre 2011 y 2019 en Brasil.
RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a tendência temporal das notificações de violência física, violência sexual, violência psicológica e negligência praticadas contra crianças no Brasil, entre 2011 e 2019. Métodos Estudo ecológico de série temporal, sobre notificações de violência contra crianças de 0 a 9 anos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Taxas de notificação ajustadas por idade foram calculadas para Brasil, macrorregiões nacionais e sexo. Analisou-se a tendência das taxas por regressão joinpoint. Resultados Foram analisadas 88.820 notificações de violência física, 87.141 de violência sexual, 52.359 de violência psicológica e 166.664 notificações de negligência. Identificouse tendência crescente de notificações de violência física, sexual, psicológica e negligência, para o Brasil e ambos os sexos. Negligência apresentou a maior taxa [95,24 notificações/100 mil crianças (2019)]. Nordeste e Sudeste apresentaram tendência crescente para todas as violências. Conclusão Notificações de violência física, sexual, psicológica e negligência contra crianças apresentaram tendência crescente no Brasil, no período.
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INTRODUCTION: The main risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are tobacco and alcohol consumption and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, in a subset of patients, no risk factors can be identified. Glutathione S-transferase π (GTSP1) is a carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme that is activated by exposure to carcinogens, and it is associated with a reduction in response to toxic therapies. We studied the expression of GTSP1 in tumor and non-tumor tissue samples from patients with and without these risks to identify whether GTSP1 expression differs according to exposure to carcinogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non-smoker/non-drinker (NSND) and smoker/drinker (SD) patients were matched according to age, gender, tumor site, TNM stage, grade and histological variants to establish 47 pairs of patients who have been previously tested for HPV. GTSP1 immunostaining was analyzed using a semi-quantitative method with scores ranging from 0 to 3 according to the area of immunostaining. RESULTS: GTSP1 expression was detected in the tumors of both groups. GTSP1 expression was higher in the non-tumor margins of SD patients (p = 0.004). There was no association between GTSP1 expression and positivity for HPV. No differences in survival were observed according to GTSP1 staining in tumors and non-tumor margins. CONCLUSION: This study showed that GTSP1 was expressed in tumors of HNSCC patients regardless of smoking, drinking or HPV infection status. The difference in GTSP1 expression in non-tumor margins between the two groups may have been due to two possible reasons. First, elevated GTSP1 expression in SD patients might be the result of activation of GTSP1 in response to exposure to carcinogens. Second, alternatively, impairment in the detoxifying system of GTSP1, as observed by the reduced expression of GTSP1, might make patients susceptible to carcinogens other than tobacco and alcohol, which may be the underlying mechanism of carcinogenesis in the absence of risk factors.
